Paper grain

Paper grain
All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine.

Wove paper does not exhibit “laidlines”, which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the “chainlines”, which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits “deckle edges”, or rough and feathery borders.[14]

Applications

Paper money from different countries
Paper can be produced with a wide variety of properties, depending on its intended use.

For representing value: paper money, bank note, cheque, security (see security paper), voucher, ticket
For storing information: book, notebook, graph paper, punched card, photographic paper
For published materials, publications, and reading materials: books, newspapers, magazines, posters, pamphlets, maps, signs, labels, advertisements, billboards.
For individual use: diary, n

otebooks, writing pads, memo pads journals, planners, note to remind oneself, etc.; for temporary personal use: scratch paper
For business and professional use: copier paper, ledger paper, typing paper, computer printer paper. Specialized paper for forms and documents such as invoices, receipts, tickets, vouchers, bills, contracts, official forms, agreements.
For communication: between individuals and/or groups of people: magazine, newspaper, art, zine, letter, newsprint, card stock
For organizing and sending documents: envelopes, file folders, packaging, pocket folders, partition folders.
For packaging: corrugated box, paper bag, envelope, wrapping paper, paper string
For cleaning: toilet paper, paper towels, facial tissue.
For food utensils and containers: paper plates and paper cups, beverage cartons, tea bags, condiments, food packaging, coffee filters, cupcake cups.
For construction: papier-mâché, origami paper, paper planes, quilling, paper honeycomb, sandpaper, used as a core material in composite materi

als, paper engineering, construction paper, paper yarn, and paper clothing
For other uses: emery paper, blotting paper, litmus paper, universal indicator paper, paper chromatography, electrical insulation paper (see also fishpaper), filter paper, wallpaper
It is estimated that paper-based storage solutions captured 0.33% of the total in 1986 and only 0.007% in 2007, even though in absolute terms the world’s capacity to store information on paper increased from 8.7 to 19.4 petabytes.[15] It is estimated that in 1986 paper-based postal letters represented less than 0.05% of the world’s telecommunication capacity, with sharply decreasing tendency after the massive introduction of digital technologies.[15]

Paper has a major role in the visual arts. It is used by itself to form two- and three-dimensional shapes and collages.[16][17] It has also evolved to being a structural material used in furniture design.[18] Watercolor paper has a long history of production and use.